Roman names: 200+ ancient Roman male and female names, surnames and meanings
212 names · Updated · By The Nomezo Editors · Save to Pinterest
Roman names are the Latin names used in ancient Rome, like Marcus (of Mars), Aurelia (golden) and Felix (lucky, happy). In the late Republic, a male citizen's full name usually had three parts: a personal praenomen, then a nomen and a cognomen that worked as Roman surnames.
The praenomen was the personal first name, chosen from a small pool. The nomen was the family or clan name (gens), inherited like a surname. The cognomen began as a nickname and later marked a branch of the family, so Gaius Julius Caesar was Gaius of the Julian clan, Caesar branch. Women usually used the feminine form of the family nomen, such as Julia or Tullia. Below are 200+ real Roman names with their meanings: male first names, number names, Roman surnames, female names, cognomina, virtue names, emperor names, gods, and Greek and Roman mythology names. Where a meaning is uncertain, as for Julius, Titus and Gaius, the note says so.
Can't decide? Shuffle 6 random picks
Tertia
Third; Latin. Used for a third daughter
Germanicus
Of Germania; Latin. Victory title of a famous general
Florianus
Flower; Latin. Ruled briefly in AD 276
Paulina
Small; Latin. Feminine of Paulinus, from Paulus
Lucilius
From Lucius, light; Latin. Clan of the poet who invented Roman satire
Florus
Flower; Latin. Roman historian and poet
Roman name builder
Build a Roman name the way Romans did: a first name from the small pool in real use, a clan name and a cognomen, with the form an inscription would carry. Switch to a daughter, an adopted son or a freed slave to see how the name changes.
Marcus Valerius Corvinus
On an inscription: M. Valerius M. f. Corvinus (f. is filius or filia, son or daughter of)
- Marcus: Of Mars; Latin
- Valerius: To be strong; Latin
- Corvinus: Of the raven; Latin
Roman male names: the praenomina
A praenomen was a man's personal name. Only about eighteen were in general use by the first century BC, so many men shared the same few.
- Lucius: Light; Latin. The most common praenomen of all
- Quintus: Fifth; Latin. First name of the poet Horace
- Sextus: Sixth; Latin. Traditionally given to a sixth child
- Decimus: Tenth; Latin. Borne by one of Caesar's assassins
- Tiberius: Of the Tiber; Latin. Name of the second Roman emperor
- Septimus: Seventh; Latin. The gentle warden in Trollope's The Warden
- Servius: To preserve; Latin. Name of Rome's legendary sixth king
- Publius: Of the people; Latin. First name of the poets Virgil and Ovid
- Postumus: Last; Latin. Originally for a last-born son
- Nonus: Ninth; Latin. The likely first name behind the clan name Nonius
Roman number names
Some Roman names simply counted. Daughters were often given numbered names to tell sisters apart.
- Primus: First; Latin. Cognomen borne by early martyrs
- Prima: First; Latin. Used for a first daughter
- Secundus: Second; Latin. Cognomen of Pliny the Elder
- Secunda: Second; Latin. Martyred with her sister Rufina
- Tertius: Third; Latin. Scribe of Paul's letter, Romans 16
- Tertia: Third; Latin. Used for a third daughter
- Quarta: Fourth; Latin. One of the commoner women's first names
- Quinta: Fifth; Latin. Feminine of the praenomen Quintus
- Septima: Seventh; Latin. Feminine form for a seventh child
- Octavius: Eighth; Latin. Birth family name of the emperor Augustus
- Nona: Ninth; Latin. Roman goddess of pregnancy, one of the Fates
- Decima: Tenth; Latin. Feminine form for a tenth child
- Maxima: Greatest; Latin. Given to the eldest of several sisters
Roman surnames: the family names (nomina)
The nomen was the clan name, shared by every member of a gens and passed from father to children, like a last name today.
- Aemilius: Rival; Latin. Old patrician clan. Say eye-MIL-ee-us
- Valerius: To be strong; Latin. Patrician clan from the early Republic
- Flavius: Golden, blond; Latin. Clan of Vespasian, Titus and Domitian
- Fabius: Bean; Latin. Clan of the general who wore down Hannibal
- Domitius: Tamed; Latin. Clan of the emperor Nero's father
- Marcius: Of Mars; Latin. Clan claiming descent from King Ancus
- Silvius: Wood, forest; Latin. Legendary kings of Alba Longa
- Septimius: Seventh; Latin. Clan of the emperor who founded the Severan line
- Salvius: Safe; Latin. Family name of the emperor Otho
- Varius: Versatile; Latin. Borne by a poet friend of Virgil
- Vitellius: Young calf; Latin. Clan of an emperor of AD 69
- Flaminius: Priestly; Latin. Statesman who built a great road north
- Hortensius: Possibly garden; Latin. Clan of Cicero's great courtroom rival
- Porcius: Pig; Latin. Clan of Cato the Elder and Cato the Younger
- Quinctius: From Quintus, fifth; Latin. Clan of the hero Cincinnatus
- Sextius: From Sextus, sixth; Latin. Clan of Rome's first plebeian consul
- Postumius: From Postumus, last-born; Latin. Patrician clan of the early Republic
- Lucilius: From Lucius, light; Latin. Clan of the poet who invented Roman satire
Roman female names from family names and cognomina
A Roman daughter usually took the feminine form of her father's nomen, so Cicero's daughter was Tullia and Caesar's was Julia. Others came from cognomina and pet forms, like Marcella and Priscilla.
- Aemilia: Rival; Latin. Feminine of an old patrician clan name
- Flavia: Golden, blond; Latin. Women of the Flavian dynasty
- Fabia: Bean; Latin. Feminine of an ancient patrician clan
- Domitia: Tamed; Latin. Wife of the emperor Domitian
- Marcia: Of Mars; Latin. Feminine of the clan name Marcius
- Silvia: Wood, forest; Latin. Mother of Romulus and Remus in legend
- Sabina: Sabine woman; Latin. Wife of the emperor Hadrian
- Lucilla: Little light; Latin. Daughter of Marcus Aurelius
- Marcella US #948: Of Mars; Latin. Feminine of the cognomen Marcellus
- Paulina US #784: Small; Latin. Feminine of Paulinus, from Paulus
- Domitilla: Tamed; Latin. Name of several women in Vespasian's family
- Caecilia: Blind; Latin. Feminine of a clan name, and the root of Cecilia
- Porcia: Pig; Latin. Cato's daughter, wife of Brutus; Portia in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar
- Crispina: Curly-haired; Latin. Wife of the emperor Commodus
- Severina: Stern; Latin. Empress married to Aurelian, honored on Roman coins
- Marciana: Of Mars; Latin. Elder sister of the emperor Trajan
Roman girl names from virtues and nicknames
Latin girl names built on virtues, luck and personal nicknames, many carried on by early saints.
- Felicitas: Good luck, fortune; Latin. Martyred with Perpetua in Carthage
- Perpetua: Continuous; Latin. Martyr of Carthage, AD 203
- Fausta: Auspicious, lucky; Latin. Wife of the emperor Constantine
- Clementia: Mercy; Latin. Virtue praised on Roman coins
- Constantia: Steadfast; Latin. Half-sister of Constantine the Great
- Prisca: Ancient; Latin. Also called Priscilla in Acts
- Augusta: Venerable; Latin. Title given to Roman empresses
- Justina: Just, upright; Latin. Empress, mother of Valentinian II
- Pia: Dutiful, devout; Latin. Feminine of Pius
- Aurea: Golden; Latin. Name of several early saints
- Candida: White; Latin. Shares its root with the word candid
- Ursula: Little bear; Latin. Legendary saint of Cologne
- Carina: Dear, beloved; Latin. Also Italian for pretty
- Rufina: Red-haired; Latin. Martyred with her sister Secunda
- Martina: Of Mars; Latin. A patron saint of Rome
Roman cognomina (nicknames that stuck)
The cognomen began as a personal nickname, often about looks or character, and later passed down to mark one branch of a family.
- Rufus: Red-haired; Latin. Later the nickname of King William II
- Severus: Stern; Latin. Cognomen of an African-born emperor
- Cato: Wise; Latin. Statesman famed for strict morals
- Cicero: Chickpea; Latin. Cognomen of Rome's most famous orator
- Scipio: Staff, walking stick; Latin. General who defeated Hannibal at Zama
- Brutus: Heavy; Latin. Borne by the Republic's founder and Caesar's assassin
- Seneca: Old; Latin. Stoic philosopher and tutor of Nero
- Crispus: Curly-haired; Latin. Eldest son of Constantine
- Lepidus: Pleasant, charming; Latin. Partner of Antony and Octavian
- Celsus: Tall, lofty; Latin. Roman writer on medicine
- Pius: Dutiful, devout; Latin. Added to the emperor Antoninus
- Priscus: Ancient; Latin. Name of Rome's fifth king, Tarquin
- Tacitus: Silent; Latin. Historian of the early emperors
- Regulus: Little king; Latin. Consul captured by Carthage
- Agricola: Farmer; Latin. Governor of Britain, father-in-law of Tacitus
- Paulus: Small, humble; Latin. Victor over Macedon at Pydna
- Marcellus: Of Mars; Latin. Little form of Marcus; captor of Syracuse
- Ahenobarbus: Bronze beard; Latin. Family line of the emperor Nero
- Torquatus: Wearing a neck chain; Latin. Won by a Roman who took a Gaul's torque
Old Roman surnames from looks, jobs and deeds
Many cognomina began as blunt descriptions of one ancestor, then passed down through a branch of the clan as a surname.
- Cincinnatus: Curly-haired; Latin. Farmer called from his plow to lead Rome
- Barbatus: Bearded; Latin. A Scipio whose stone coffin is in the Vatican
- Calvus: Bald; Latin. Orator and poet, a close friend of Catullus
- Crassus: Thick, solid; Latin. Richest man in Rome and Caesar's ally
- Macer: Lean; Latin. Borne by a historian of the Licinian clan
- Dives: Rich, wealthy; Latin. Borne by one branch of the Licinii
- Pulcher: Beautiful; Latin, perhaps ironic. Branch of the proud Claudian clan
- Caecus: Blind; Latin. Appius Claudius, who built the Appian Way
- Pictor: Painter; Latin. Fabius, author of Rome's first history
- Buteo: A kind of hawk; Latin. Borne by a branch of the Fabii
- Dentatus: Toothed; Latin. Manius Curius, said to be born with teeth
- Strabo: Squinting; Latin from Greek. Father of Pompey the Great
- Scaevola: Left-handed; Latin. Mucius, who thrust his right hand into fire
- Corvinus: Of the raven; Latin. Line of the raven-helped hero Corvus
- Messalla: From Messana in Sicily; Latin. Won by a consul in 263 BC
- Publicola: One who courts the people; Latin. A founder of the Republic
- Varus: Bent, knock-kneed; Latin. General who lost three legions in Germany
- Dolabella: Little pickaxe; Latin. Cicero's son-in-law, married to Tullia
- Nasica: Nosed; Latin. A branch of the famous Scipio family
- Balbus: Stammerer; Latin. Caesar's banker, the first foreign-born consul
- Murena: Moray eel or lamprey; Latin. Consul whom Cicero defended in court
Latin virtue names for boys
Roman names that praise a quality, many later borne by saints and popes.
- Clemens: Merciful; Latin. Name of an early bishop of Rome
- Constans: Constant, steadfast; Latin. Son of Constantine, later emperor
- Justus: Just, upright; Latin. Surname of a disciple in Acts 1
- Modestus: Moderate, restrained; Latin. Name of several early saints
- Faustus: Auspicious, lucky; Latin. Son of the dictator Sulla
- Valens: Strong, healthy; Latin. Emperor killed at Adrianople in 378
- Vitalis: Of life; Latin. Name of several early martyrs
- Amandus: Lovable; Latin. Saint who preached in Flanders
- Benedictus: Blessed; Latin. Latin root of Benedict and Bennett
- Honoratus: Esteemed; Latin. Founder of the island abbey of Lérins
- Placidus: Calm, gentle; Latin. Disciple of Saint Benedict
- Hilarius: Cheerful; Latin. Latin form of Hilary
- Fortunatus: Fortunate; Latin. Poet of early Frankish Gaul
- Donatus: Given; Latin. Grammarian whose textbook ruled medieval schools
- Probus: Upright, honest; Latin. Third-century soldier emperor
Roman names from animals and nature
Cognomina and later Latin names taken from animals, plants and the woods.
- Lupus: Wolf; Latin. Cognomen and saint's name
- Ursus: Bear; Latin. Root of the Swiss name Urs
- Aquila: Eagle; Latin. Tentmaker husband of Priscilla, Acts 18
- Corvus: Raven; Latin. Consul who, in legend, won a duel with a raven's help
- Columba: Dove; Latin. Irish saint who founded Iona
- Silvanus: Of the woods; Latin. Roman god of forests
- Silvester: Wooded, wild; Latin. Pope in the time of Constantine
- Florus: Flower; Latin. Roman historian and poet
- Albus: White, bright; Latin. Root of Albinus; Alban comes via the town of Alba
- Oliva: Olive; Latin. Second-century saint from Brescia
Famous Roman names with uncertain meanings
Some of the best-known Roman names have no certain meaning. Here they are with the likeliest explanation and the Romans who made them famous.
- Julius US #424: Possibly downy-bearded; Latin, from Greek. The clan of Julius Caesar
- Gaius: Meaning uncertain; Latin. Written C. in inscriptions, as in C. Julius Caesar
- Titus US #358: Meaning unknown, probably Oscan; Latin. The emperor who opened the Colosseum
- Claudius: Possibly lame; Latin. The emperor who invaded Britain in AD 43
- Claudia: Feminine of Claudius; Latin. Women of the patrician Claudian clan
- Cassius US #583: Possibly empty, vain; Latin. A leader of the plot against Caesar; Muhammad Ali's birth name
- Cornelius: Possibly horn; Latin. The great clan of the Scipios
- Cornelia: Feminine of Cornelius; Latin. Mother of the reforming Gracchi brothers
- Antonia: Meaning unknown, from an Etruscan clan name; Latin. Mark Antony's daughter, mother of the emperor Claudius
Roman emperor names
Names and titles of Roman emperors and generals, in their Latin form.
- Hadrianus: From Hadria; Latin. Emperor who built the wall in Britain
- Constantinus: Constant, steadfast; Latin. First Christian emperor
- Aurelianus: Golden; Latin. Emperor who walled the city of Rome
- Valentinianus: Strong, healthy; Latin. Name of three emperors
- Maximianus: Greatest; Latin. Co-emperor with Diocletian
- Gratianus: Grateful; Latin. Western emperor of the 4th century
- Valerianus: To be strong; Latin. Emperor captured by the Persians
- Florianus: Flower; Latin. Ruled briefly in AD 276
- Jovianus: Of Jupiter; Latin. Emperor after Julian in 363
- Domitianus: Tamed; Latin. Last of the Flavian emperors
- Nerva: Strength, power; Latin. First of the Five Good Emperors
- Pertinax: Persistent; Latin. Emperor for three months in 193
- Germanicus: Of Germania; Latin. Victory title of a famous general
- Africanus: Of Africa; Latin. Title won by Scipio
Roman god and goddess names
Roman deities whose names are plain Latin words, with clear meanings.
- Fortuna: Luck, fortune; Latin. Goddess of chance
- Concordia: Harmony; Latin. Goddess of agreement, with a temple in the Forum
- Pax: Peace; Latin. Goddess honored by Augustus' Altar of Peace
- Spes: Hope; Latin. Goddess with a temple in the Forum Holitorium
- Fides: Faith, trust; Latin. Goddess of good faith and oaths
- Janus: Archway; Latin. Two-faced god of doors; gave us January
- Pomona: Fruit tree; Latin. Goddess of orchards
- Terra: Earth; Latin. Goddess also called Tellus
- Libertas: Freedom; Latin. Goddess shown with a freed slave's cap
Greek and Roman mythology names
Roman gods, spirits and heroes with the Greek figures the Romans matched them with. Each meaning is the plain Latin or Greek word.
- Jove: Sky; Latin, the short form of Jupiter, sky father. The Greek Zeus
- Caelus: Sky, heavens; Latin. Roman sky god, the Greek Ouranos
- Somnus: Sleep; Latin. God of sleep, the Greek Hypnos
- Juventas: Youth; Latin. Goddess of youth, the Greek Hebe
- Liber: The free one; Latin. Wine god matched with the Greek Dionysus
- Libera: Free; Latin. Fertility goddess matched with the Greek Persephone
- Lucina: Grove, later read as light; Latin. Goddess of childbirth, the Greek Eileithyia
- Salus: Safety, health; Latin. Goddess of well-being, the Greek Hygieia
- Virtus: Courage, valor; Latin. Matched with the Greek Arete
- Fama: Rumor, fame; Latin. Many-tongued goddess, the Greek Pheme
- Discordia: Discord; Latin. Goddess of strife, the Greek Eris
- Matuta: Of the early morning; Latin. Dawn mother, linked with Leucothea
- Portunus: From portus, harbor; Latin. God of ports and keys, the Greek Palaemon
- Vertumnus: From vertere, to turn; Latin. Shape-shifting god who won Pomona
- Picus: Woodpecker; Latin. A king whom Circe turned into a woodpecker
- Carmenta: From carmen, song or prophecy; Latin. Prophetess mother of Evander
- Aeneas: Praise; Greek. Trojan hero of Virgil's Aeneid, ancestor of Romulus
- Latinus: Of Latium; Latin. King of the Latins in the Aeneid
- Pietas: Duty, devotion; Latin. Goddess of the virtue Aeneas embodied
How to pick the right name
Decide how Latin you want it
Some names work as-is today (Felix, Aurelia, Atticus, Octavia). Others, like Publius or Ahenobarbus, are better for history fans, novels and games.
Build a full Roman name
For a character, combine a praenomen, a nomen and a cognomen: Lucius Valerius Felix. For a woman, use the feminine nomen alone or add a cognomen: Valeria Prisca.
Check the meaning out loud
Many cognomina were blunt nicknames. Cicero means chickpea and Brutus means heavy, so read the meaning before you commit.
Try the modern form
Most Roman names live on in modern languages: Aemilius became Emil and Emily, Hadrianus became Adrian and Laurentius became Lawrence.
Save this list for later
Pin it to a naming board, or tap the heart next to any name to keep it in your favorites on this device.
Roman names: how the three names worked, what women were called, and which are back
By The Nomezo Editors · Updated October 25, 2026 · How we research names
Romans had remarkably few first names. By the first century BC only about eighteen praenomina were in general use, and Lucius, Gaius and Marcus alone could account for half of all men. What told a man apart was his clan name and his cognomen, often a blunt nickname: Cicero means chickpea.
The builder above puts a name together the Roman way, with the form an inscription would carry. Below are the rules it follows, the Roman gods and their Greek twins, and the Roman names Americans use today.
- Step 1Pick a common first nameLucius, Gaius and Marcus were everywhere.
- Step 2Add a clan and a cognomenMarcus Tullius Cicero: Marcus, of the Tullii, the Cicero branch.
- Step 3Check the nicknameBrutus is heavy, Balbus a stammerer, Porcius a pig.
- Step 4Name the women rightDaughters took the clan name: Julia, Tullia, Cornelia.
How a Roman name worked
- Three names were a phase. The period when most citizens had exactly three names was relatively brief (Wikipedia).
- Few first names. About eighteen praenomina were in use by the first century BC, perhaps a dozen of them common. Lucius led, then Gaius and Marcus, and in conservative periods those three could cover as much as half of adult men (Wikipedia).
- Naming day. A baby was named on the dies lustricus: the eighth day after birth for a girl, the ninth for a boy (Wikipedia).
- Why C. for Gaius? The abbreviations C. and Cn. for Gaius and Gnaeus were fixed before the letter G existed, so Caesar is C. Iulius Caesar on inscriptions (Wikipedia).
| Part | What it was | Marcus Tullius Cicero |
|---|---|---|
| Praenomen | Personal name, from a small pool | Marcus |
| Nomen | Clan (gens) name, inherited | Tullius |
| Cognomen | Family branch, often a nickname | Cicero, chickpea |
Sources: Wikipedia, Praenomen; Roman naming conventions.
What Roman women were called
- By the first century, most Roman women had no first name, or did not use one. A daughter was known by the feminine form of the clan name, so Cicero's daughter was Tullia (Wikipedia).
- Two sisters were told apart as Maior and Minor, the elder and the younger. With more sisters, the eldest might be Maxima and the others took numbers: Tertia, Quarta.
Two things lists get wrong
- Number names may not count children. Quintus, Sextus and Decimus are usually read as birth order, but some scholars argue they marked the month of birth (Wikipedia).
- Many praenomen meanings are folk etymology. Popular meanings for several first names are no more than guesses, and the story that Spurius meant a fatherless son is rejected (Wikipedia). That is why the notes above say "possibly" where they do.
Roman gods and their Greek counterparts
| Roman | Greek |
|---|---|
| Jupiter | Zeus |
| Juno | Hera |
| Minerva | Athena |
| Mars | Ares |
| Venus | Aphrodite |
| Apollo | Apollo |
| Diana | Artemis |
| Mercury | Hermes |
| Neptune | Poseidon |
| Vulcan | Hephaestus |
| Vesta | Hestia |
| Ceres | Demeter |
Sources: Wikipedia, Dii Consentes; Twelve Olympians. As US baby names in 2025, Diana ranked No. 244, Apollo No. 445 and Juno No. 1,252.
Roman names Americans use today
| Girls | US rank | Boys | US rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aurora | #15, its highest ever | Leo | #19 |
| Luna | #27 | Roman | #42, its highest ever |
| Valentina | #35 | Felix | #175 |
| Lucia | #83 | Marcus | #258 |
| Aurelia | #290, its highest ever | Maximus | #276 |
| Octavia | #308 | Atticus | #281 |
| Camilla | #361 | Titus | #358 |
Source: US Social Security Administration. Aurelius entered the US top 1,000 for the first time in 2025, at No. 991.
Sources
Frequently asked questions
How did ancient Roman names work?
A Roman man usually had three names: a praenomen (personal name), a nomen (clan name) and a cognomen (family branch or nickname). Gaius Julius Caesar was Gaius, of the Julian clan, of the Caesar branch.
What were common Roman male names?
Lucius, Gaius and Marcus were the most common male first names (praenomina), followed by Publius and Quintus. Only about eighteen praenomina were in general use by the first century BC.
What were Roman female names?
Roman women usually used the feminine form of their family nomen, such as Julia, Cornelia or Aurelia. Sisters were told apart with words like Maior and Minor, or with numbered names like Tertia.
What were common Roman surnames?
Roman surnames came in two layers: the clan nomen, like Aurelius, Valerius or Fabius, and the branch cognomen, like Cicero, Crassus or Scipio. Many cognomina were nicknames: Cicero means chickpea and Crassus means thick.
Which Roman names are still used today?
Felix, Marcus, Lucia, Aurelia, Octavia, Maximus, Augustus and Atticus are all used today. Many others survive in modern forms, such as Emily from Aemilia and Adrian from Hadrianus.
Did Roman women have first names?
Mostly not by the first century. Women were known by the feminine form of their clan name, like Julia or Cornelia, and sisters were told apart as Maior and Minor or by numbers like Tertia.
What does the C. in C. Julius Caesar stand for?
Gaius. The abbreviation was fixed before the Latin alphabet had a separate letter G, so Gaius is written C. and Gnaeus Cn.
Is Decimus really the tenth child?
Not necessarily. Number names are traditionally read as birth order, but some scholars think they recorded the month a child was born.
More by origin and generators
- Names by OriginNames by origin and culture: Japanese, French, Irish, Italian, Spanish, Norse, Greek, Arabic and more, with meanings and pronunciation.
- Italian boy names163 names. Italian boy names and men's names with meanings and pronunciation: popular picks like Leonardo, classics, Gian- blends, nicknames for guys and saints' names.
- Italian girl names146 names. Italian girl names and Italian women's names with meanings and easy pronunciation: Sofia and Aurora, timeless classics, saints' names and vintage names.
- Greek boy names170 names. Greek boy names with meanings: 160+ Greek male names, male Greek god names, mythology heroes, ancient names, saints and men's nicknames, with pronunciation.
- Greek girl names187 names. Greek girl names with meanings: 180+ Greek female names, from women's names used in Greece today to female Greek mythology names and ancient Greek women.
- Goddess names146 names. Goddess names from Greek, Roman, Norse, Egyptian, Celtic, Hindu and other mythologies, like Athena, Freya and Isis, with each goddess's domain.
- Medieval names and surnames215 names. Real medieval names and surnames: male and female names from England, France, Scandinavia and beyond, plus medieval last names, each with meaning and era.
- Italian city names139 names. Italian city names by region, from Rome and Florence to hill towns like Orvieto and Matera. 130+ real places, each with a checked origin or fact.
- Random name generatorReal full names from 24 cultures, each with its meaning and origin.